El asalto al Capitolio de Washington, crónica de la violencia anunciada
Palabras clave:
capitolio, Estados Unidos, redes sociales, violenciaResumen
El artículo examina los eventos acontecidos en la sede legislativa de Estados Unidos el 6 de enero de 2021 dentro del contexto de violencia política existente en ese país. Hace hincapié en el comportamiento de las plataformas sociales y su papel en la escalada de la desinformación. Demuestra que para que se traslade la violencia de los entornos virtuales a los presenciales deben cumplirse tres condiciones: que la violencia sea pensada, que sea factible y que fallen las restricciones.
Descargas
Citas
Barber, L., Sevastopulo, D. y Tett, G. (2017, abril 2). Donald Trump: Without Twitter, I would not be here — FT interview. The Financial Times. Recuperado 2 abril 2017, de https://www.ft.com/content/943e322a-178a-11e7-9c35-0dd2cb31823a
Castells, M. (2012). Redes de indignación y esperanza: los movimientos sociales en la era de Internet. Madrid: Alianza.
Conger, K.; Isaac, M. (2021, enero 8). Twitter Permanently Bans Trump, Capping Online Revolt. The New York Times. Recuperado 8 enero 2021, de https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/08/technology/twitter-trump-suspended.html
Collier, P., Hoeffler, A., Rohner, D. (2006). Beyond greed and grievance: feasibility and civil war. Oxford Economic Papers, (61) 1, 1-27. Recuperado de https://www.csae.ox.ac.uk/materials/papers/2006-10text.pdf
Cooter, A. (2021, enero 11). Militia Expert Warns Trump’s Capitol Insurrectionists Could Try Again. Scientific American. Recuperado 11 enero 2021, de https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/militia-expert-warns-trumps-capitol-insurrectionists-could-try-again/
Djupe, P., Burge, R., Jones, R. (2019, julio 24). New Religious Group is Skyrocketing: The Unclassifieds. Religion in Public. Recuperado 24 julio 2019, de https://religioninpublic.blog/2019/07/24/new-religious-group-is-skyrocketing-the-unclassifieds/
Dwoskin, E. y Timberg, C. (2021, enero 16). Misinformation dropped dramatically the week after Twitter banned Trump and some allies. The Washington Post. Recuperado 16 enero 2021, de https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2021/01/16/misinformation-trump-twitter/
Edsall, T. (2021, febrero 17). Democracy Is Weakening Right in Front of Us. The New York Times. Recuperado 17 febrero 2021, de https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/17/opinion/digital-revolution-democracy-fake-news.html
Elizalde, R. (2021, febrero 15). La insoportable levedad de los monopolios digitales. La Jiribilla. Recuperado 15 febrero 2021, de http://www.lajiribilla.cu/articulo/la-insoportable-levedad-de-los-monopolios-digitales
Evon, D. (2020, junio 8). Is This ‘Trump Army’ Fundraising Email Real? Snopes. Recuperado 8 junio 2020, de https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/trump-army-fundraising-email/
Fact Checker (2021, enero 20). In four years, President Trump made 30,573 false or misleading claims. The Washington Post. Recuperado 20 enero 2021, de https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/politics/trump-claims-database/
Garcia-Camargo, I. (2020, octubre 29). Repeat Offenders: Voting Misinformation on Twitter in the 2020 United States Election. Election Integrity Partnership. Recuperado 29 octubre 2020, de https://www.eipartnership.net/rapid-response/repeat-offenders
Ginsberg, M. (2021, febrero 20). We need a social media early warning center. The Hill. Recuperado 20 febrero 2021, de https://thehill.com/opinion/technology/539728-we-need-a-social-media-early-warning-center?rl=1
Goldmacher, S. y Shorey, R. (2021, enero 31). Trump Raised $255.4 Million in 8 Weeks as He Sought to Overturn Election Result. The New York Times. Recuperado 31 enero 2021, de https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/31/us/politics/trump-voter-fraud-fundraising.html
Habib, M., Jubb, Ch., Ahmad, S., Rahman, M. y Pallard, H. (2018). Forced Migration of Rohingya: The Untold Experience. Ottawa, Canada: Ontario International Development Agency. Recuperado de https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326912213_Forced_Migration_of_Rohingya_The_Untold_Experience
Hendrickson, C. (2020, octubre 10). How social media played a critical role in Gov. Whitmer kidnap plot. Detroit Free Press. Recuperado 10 octubre 2020, de https://www.freep.com/story/news/local/michigan/2020/10/10/social-media-thwarted-plot-kidnap-whitmer/5943256002/
Horwitz, J. (2021, enero 31). Facebook Knew Calls for Violence Plagued Groups, Now Plans Overhaul. The Wall Street Journal. Recuperado 31 enero 2021, de https://www.wsj.com/articles/facebook-knew-calls-for-violence-plagued-groups-now-plans-overhaul-11612131374
Ipsos (2020, diciembre 30). More than 1 in 3 Americans believe a ‘deep state’ is working to undermine Trump. Recuperado 30 diciembre 2020, de https://www.ipsos.com/en-us/news-polls/npr-misinformation-123020
Kirkpatrick, D., McIntire, M. y Triebert, Ch. (2021, enero 16). Before the Capitol Riot, Calls for Cash and Talk of Revolution. The New York Times. Recuperado 16 enero 2021, de https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/16/us/capitol-riot-funding.html
Klaus, K, Malik, A. (2021, enero 24). There’s a long, troubling history behind the Capitol attack. The Washington Post. Recuperado 24 enero 2021, de https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2021/01/24/theres-long-troubling-history-behind-capitol-attack/
Kemp, S. (2021, enero 27). The Latest Insights into the State of Digital. We Are Social. Recuperado 27 enero 2021, de https://wearesocial.com/blog/2021/01/digital-2021-the-latest-insights-into-the-state-of-digital
Lewandowsky, S., Jetter, M. y Ecker, U. (2020, noviembre 10). Using the president’s tweets to understand political diversion in the age of social media. Nature Communications. Recuperado 10 noviembre 2020, de https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-020-19644-6
Mac, R., Silverman, C. (2021, febrero 22). Mark Changed The Rules: How Facebook Went Easy On Alex Jones And Other Right-Wing Figures. BuzzFeed News. Recuperado 22 febrero 2021, de https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/ryanmac/mark-zuckerberg-joel-kaplan-facebook-alex-jones?origin=thum
Mangan, D. (2021, enero 15). QAnon shaman Jacob Chansley held without bail after storming Senate during Capitol riot by Trump supporters. CNBC. Recuperado 15 enero 2021, de https://www.cnbc.com/2021/01/15/trump-rioters-planned-to-kill-congress-members-fed-probe.html
McIntire, M., Yourish, K. y Buchanan, L. (2019, noviembre 2). In Trump’s Twitter Feed: Conspiracy-Mongers, Racists and Spies. The New York Times. Recuperado 2 noviembre 2019, de https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/11/02/us/politics/trump-twitter-disinformation.html
Newman, N., Fletcher, R., Schulz, A., Simge, A. y Nielsen, R. K. (2020). Digital News Report 2020. Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism. Oxford University. Recuperado de https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/2020 06/DNR_2020_FINAL.pdf
Ovide, S. (2020, junio 16). Conviction in the Philippines Reveals Facebook’s Dangers. The New York Times. Recuperado 16 junio 2020, de https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/16/technology/facebook-philippines.html?searchResultPosition=12
Peirano, M. (2019). El enemigo conoce el sistema: Manipulación de ideas, personas e influencias después de la economía de la atención. Madrid: Debate.
Ramachandran, S., Berzon, A. y Ballhaus, R. (2021, febrero 1). Jan. 6 Rally Funded by Top Trump Donor, Helped by Alex Jones, Organizers Say. The Wall Street Journal. Recuperado 1 febrero 2021, de https://www.wsj.com/articles/jan-6-rally-funded-by-top-trump-donor-helped-by-alex-jones-organizers-say-11612012063
Roose, K. (2021, febrero 4). What is QAnon? The New York Times. Recuperado 4 febrero 2021, de https://www.nytimes.com/article/what-is-qanon.html
SITE Intelligence Group. (2021, enero 9). How a Trump Tweet Sparked Plots, Strategizing to Storm and Occupy Capitol with Handcuffs and Zip Ties. Recuperado de https://ent.siteintelgroup.com/pdf/Far-Right-/-Far-Left-Threat/how-a-trump-tweet-sparked-plots-strategizing-to-storm-and-occupy-capitol-with-handcuffs-and-zip-ties
Spies, M. y Pearson, J. (2021, enero 30). Text Messages Show Top Trump Campaign Fundraiser’s Key Role Planning the Rally That Preceded the Siege. Propublica. Recuperado 30 enero 2021, de en https://www.propublica.org/article/trump-campaign-fundraiser-ellipse-rally
Starbird, K. [@Katestarbird]. (2021, enero 7). Going into the election, Trump and his close associates, including his adult sons (who eventually helped spread >20 false narratives)… [Tweet]. Recuperado de https://twitter.com/katestarbird/status/1347285138284023808?s=20
Taub A. y Fisher, M. (2018, abril 21). Where Countries Are Tinderboxes and Facebook Is a Match. The New York Times. Recuperado 21 abril 2018, de https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/21/world/asia/facebook-sri-lanka-riots.html
Timberg, C., Harwell D. y Lang, M. (2021, enero 9). Capitol siege was planned online. Trump supporters now planning the next one. The Washington Post. Recuperado 9 enero 2021, de https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2021/01/09/trump-twitter-protests/
Smith, M., Ballard, J. y Sanders, L. (2021, enero 6). Most voters say the events at the US Capitol are a threat to democracy. YouGov. Recuperado 6 enero 2021, de https://today.yougov.com/topics/politics/articles-reports/2021/01/06/US-capitol-trump-poll
US Crisis Monitor (2020, septiembre 3). Demonstrations & Political Violence In America: New Data For Summer 2020. Bridging Divides Initiative (BDI). Princeton University. Recuperado de https://acleddata.com/2020/09/03/demonstrations-political-violence-in-america-new-data-for-summer-2020/
Bibliografia
Carrie-Wong, J. (2020, agosto 11). Revealed: QAnon Facebook groups are growing at a rapid pace around the world. The Guardian. Recuperado 11 agosto 2020, de https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/aug/11/qanon-facebook-groups-growing-conspiracy-theory
McCombs, M. (2006). Estableciendo la agenda: El impacto de los medios en la opinión pública y en el conocimiento. (1° ed.). Barcelona: Editorial Paidós.
Naylor, B. (2021, febrero 10). Read Trump’s Jan. 6 Speech, A Key Part Of Impeachment Trial. NPR. Recuperado 10 febrero 2021, de https://www.npr.org/2021/02/10/966396848/read-trumps-jan-6-speech-a-key-part-of-impeachment-trial
Saidel, M. y Sacchi, E. (2020). Reflexiones sobre violencia y subjetividad en el capitalismo neoliberal. Disciplinas, deuda y guerra contra las mujeres. Deuda, Competencia y Punición: Hacia una crítica del neoliberalismo como racionalidad de gobierno, (pp. 95-122). Buenos Aires, Argentina: Editorial Teseo.
Publicado
Cómo citar
Número
Sección
Licencia
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial 4.0.
